The camera consists of a dark room with a convex lens on the walls with a fixed focal length. There is a lens on the wall opposite this film and between the film and the lens. In addition, the camera is equipped with a distance control device (optical rangefinder), shutter, light meter (optical spectrometer) and viewfinder. When shooting, pull the camera lens back and forth until a clear image of the subject can be seen in the viewfinder. In this case, a real and inverted image is created on the film, which opens with the push of the shutter button and introduces light to the film at a certain time and creates the image of the object on it. In modern cameras, a light-sensitive CCD and CMOS sensor is embedded.
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Types of cameras
Cameras are generally divided into two groups, digital and analog, and all have one thing in common, and that is; Passing light through the lens, displaying the image in the viewfinder and focusing it correctly on the sensitive screen of the film.
- The structure of analog cameras is based on; The light passes through the lens and after colliding with a mirror, is directed to the observer’s eye. When the photographer adjusts the appropriate frame and other parameters, he presses the shutter button, which removes the parts that prevent light from reaching the sensitive screen.
- The operation of digital cameras is very similar to that of older film cameras. The light shines on the light-sensitive screen after passing through the lens. In digital cameras, this sensitive screen is an electrical “sensor” that, like a monitor screen (but in reverse), transmits the number of photons emitted as a calibrated electrical current to a device. The analog-to-digital converter, in turn, sends this information numerically between 0-225 (brightness per pixel) to the storage card for each pixel.
How does a digital camera work?
In these cameras, the image is captured by a CCD sensor or a CMOS. CCDs are rows and columns of point-of-light sensors. The more and more compact the number of these points, the higher the accuracy of the image. The ADC sends where the oscillations received from the CCD are converted into separate binary codes (base two numbers zero and one). The digital output from the ADC is sent to a DSP digital signal processor that adjusts the contrast and image detail and before sending the image to memory to save the image, it converts the data to a compressed file. The brighter the light, the higher the voltage generated, resulting in brighter computer pixels. The higher the number of point sensors, the higher the resolution of the image and the more detail is captured.
CCD and CMOS sensors
Digital cameras use specific sensors to receive light from a digital image, commonly referred to as CCDs (CMOS) or CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductors). Both of these sensors are used in most digital cameras and are a good tool for capturing digital images. CCD and CMOS sensors are typically the size of a fingernail and are made entirely of silicone. The surface of these sensors contains millions of extremely small diodes, each of which records a pixel of the images captured by the camera lens. In general, more diodes on the surface of a digital camera equals better quality images captured by that camera! It is interesting to know that the word megapixel in the specifications of a camera indicates the number of sensors on the CCD or CMOS surface.
How does analog camera work?
In Analog cameras images are captured by exposing photographic film to light, with the scene in front of the lens being reproduced onto the material. The film is being developed in a dark room and turned into an actual photographic print.
Analog Vs, Digital Camera
In analog technology, waves or signals are primarily recorded or used. For example, in an analog recorder, the received signal is received directly from the microphone and transmitted to the cassette tape. Your sound from the microphone is natural or analog, and the waves recorded on the cassette tape will be the same (analog). These waves can be read or amplified from the tape and sent to speakers to produce sound. The word analog is derived from the Greek word ΑΝΑΛΟΓΟΣ which means “relative”.
In digital technology, waves are an example of analog waves at a series of distances. They then become a series of numbers (zeros and ones) that can be stored on digital devices.
Color images in digital cameras:
To capture color images, a filter is installed on each sensor that allows it to have certain light colors. In fact, all digital cameras available today offer only one of the three primary colors in each sensor, and as a result, if two of the three primary colors are discarded. To compensate for this, the camera must estimate the other two primary colors to achieve full color per pixel.
Best camera settings
To set up a camera setting, you need a DSLR camera such as the Nikon D3400 or Canon 800D or any other camera that you can use if you have these options. The name of this setting may be different on the camera;
- Image quality: Select RAW mode (optional and based on the purpose of photography)
- to compress the raw file: set on uncompressed if it’s possible
- White balance: Auto mode
- Pre-arranged color and light settings of the camera (image control / image style / creative style / movie simulation): standard option
- Color Space: sRGB
- Possibility to reduce noise in long exposure or to reduce noise in long exposure: On
- Noise reduction option for high sensitivity or high volume ISO: off
- Color and light editing options such as D-Lighting enabled / DRO,HDR, lens correction: better to be off
RAW Vs. JPG format
In RAW format you can have maximum ability to adjust your photos in the editing process, but by using JPG Format in your camera lead to save more storage space and be able to share and print your pictures easier.